Category Archives: uncategorized

Small

Apartments on Small Road. Credit and Copyright Syracuse University.

Small is a series of apartment buildings on South Campus that are located on Small Road. There are 19 apartment buildings in Slocum Heights. Each building has four apartments with a total of 76 apartments in the neighborhood. These buildings include two person two floor apartments.

Transportation

There are two bus routes that go through Small. One of these is the 344 South Campus route. The other one is the 44 Small Road route, but is currently undergoing usability testing by Centro. The schedules for these routes can be found on Centro’s page. There are four bus stops that service Small: Small and Chinook East, 220 Small, Small and Lambreth, and Small and Slocum.

Room Sizes

All apartments in Small come fully furnished. Electrical, cable, phone, and network outlets are also included. Each floor of the two bedroom apartments are 9ft by 12ft. The first floors of these apartments contain a living room, kitchen, and storage closet. The second floor contains both bedrooms and a bathroom with a bathtub. In each of these apartments one of the bedrooms are 10ft by 12ft and the other is 8ft by 12ft.

Living room and bedroom of two person apartment on Small Road. Credit and Copyright Nicky Zamoida.

Accessibility

The majority of Small is not accessible. All of the apartments have ramps to get to the apartment, but not to get into the front door. These apartments are also all two stories and require stairs to access the second floor. The mail shelters and bus stops can be considered accessible; however the gravel many of them sit on may be difficult for wheelchair access.

References

“Facility Information.” Housing, Meal Plan and ID Card Services. Syracuse Unviersity, 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

“Parking Website.” Parking Website. Syracuse Unviersity, 2013. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

Slocum Heights

Slocum Heights apartments. Credit and Copyright Mary Dickinson Jensen.

Slocum Heights is a series of apartment buildings on South Campus that are located on Slocum Drive. There are 35 apartment buildings in Slocum Heights. Each building has eight apartments with a total of 280 apartments in the neighborhood. These buildings include one and two person flats.

Transportation

There are two bus routes that go through Slocum Heights. These routes are 244 Slocum Heights and 344 South Campus. The schedules for these routes can be found on Centro’s page. There are three bus stops that service Slocum Heights: 100 Slocum Drive, 231 Slocum Drive, and Slocum and Lambreth.

Room Sizes

Two types of apartments can be found in Slocum Heights. All apartments come fully furnished. Electrical, cable, phone, and network outlets are also included. The one bedroom apartments are 20ft by 27ft and have a bathroom with a bathtub, two storage closets, a kitchen, a great room, and one bedroom.  The two bedroom apartments are 27ft by 27ft and contain a bathroom with a bathtub, a kitchen, one storage closet, a great room and two bedrooms. In each of these apartments one of the bedrooms are 10ft by 13ft and the other is 9ft 9in by 12ft.

A kitchen in Slocum Heights. Credit and Copyright Mary Dickinson Jensen.

Community Space

Of all the apartment neighborhoods owned by Syracuse University on South Campus, Slocum Heights is the only one with a community center. This community center is located in 301 Slocum Heights Apr. 3 and contains a kitchen and a meeting space. This center is often used for events by the South Campus Organization of Programming Excellence (SCOPE) and the Skyhall Community Council. To uses this space contact Office of Resident life at .

Laundry Services

Slocum Heights is the only neighborhood that has its own laundry facility, other than the Skyhall (a dorm) and University Village (owned by EdR). A laundry room can be found on the bottom floor of each apartment building and contains two washers and two dryers. There are no PLUS Card readers in the Slocum Heights laundry rooms, so only quarters can be used in the machines.

Accessibility

While much of Slocum Heights is handicap accessible, there are some limiting factors. Some of the apartments in Slocum Heights were built for wheelchair accessibility and include lower counters in the kitchen, an accessible shower, a larger bedroom door that can accommodate a wheelchair, and a ramp for the apartment door and the laundry door. The community center is also handicap accessible and is located on the first floor of the building. The mail shelters and bus stops are also handicap accessible. None of the even numbered apartments are accessible, because they all require stairs to reach the second floor. Other restrictions to accessibility in Slocum Heights including no handicap ramps for the sidewalks on the inner lawn of the neighborhood, extremely damaged pavement throughout that would be difficult to manage in a wheelchair, and no snow removal services by the University.

References

“Current Students.” Office of Residence Life. Syracuse Unviersity, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

“Facility Information.” Housing, Meal Plan and ID Card Services. Syracuse Unviersity, 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

“Parking Website.” Parking Website. Syracuse Unviersity, 2013. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

Skyhall I, II, and III

Skyhall II. Credit and Copyright Syracuse University.

Skyhall is a series of three dorms on South Campus that are located on Lambreth Lane and were built in 1960. The buildings are called Skyhall I, II, and III. The addresses of these buildings are 410, 420, and 430 Lambreth Lane respectively. With the current mix of open doubles and singles rooms the three Skyhall buildings hold 351 students. Because the Skyhall dorms are the only residents on South Campus that are not equipped with kitchens, Skyhall students can use their meal plan in Goldstein Student Center. Other meal plan users at SU cannot use their meal plan this way.

Transportation

There are two bus routes that go through Skyhall. These routes are 144 Winding Ridge and 443 Connective Corridor. The schedules for these routes can be found on Centro’s page. There is one bus stop that services Skyhall and is named after the dorm.

Room Sizes

Three room sizes can be found in Skyhall. All rooms come fully furnished. Electrical, cable, phone, and network outlets are also included. The large singles and the open doubles are the same size, 14ft by 12ft. The large single comes with a desk, chair, double size bed, two closets, and a dresser. The double comes with two desk, two chairs, two long twin beds, two closets and two dressers. The small single in Skyhall is 16ft by 8ft and comes with a dresser, closet, desk, chair, and long twin bed.  There are two bathroom clusters located on each floor of Skyhall. These bathrooms are single shower sets that lock from the inside and provide more privacy then some of the eight shower bathrooms found in other dorms on campus.

Single person bedroom in Skyhall III. Credit and Copyright Mary Dickinson Jensen.

Community Space

Each floor of the three Skyhall buildings, with the exception of the first floor of Skyhall II, has a lounge in the center. These lounges contain a TV, sink, couches, tables, vending machines, and either a ping pong table or a pool table. Equipment for the ping pong and pool tables can be borrowed from the main desk in Skyhall II.

Laundry Services

The Skyhall buildings have laundry rooms on each floor. These laundry rooms contain four dryers and two washers. These machines take quarters, but there are also PLUS card readers in each room.

Mail Services

All mail coming from USPS to Skyhall first goes through the Syracuse University Mail Service. After being sorted, the mail is then delivered to Skyhall II. All of the mail boxes for Skyhall are on the first floor of Skyhall II, because this is where the main desk for all of the buildings is located. All UPS and FedEx packages are delivered directly to Skyhall II.

Accessibility

Some part of Skyhall have been made handicap accessible, including wheelchair accessible bathrooms on each floor, an accessible bus stop, and  rooms that are outfitted to be handicap accessible. The major detriment to Skyhall’s accessibility is the lack of elevators that makes it impossible for a handicap person to live on the second and third floors of these buildings. Another concern for wheelchairs is the state of the pavement around Skyhall, which has many potholes and chunks of the sidewalk are missing. Finally there is lack of accessibility to Goldstein Student Center means there is not a handicap accessible food source for Skyhall students.

References

“Facility Information.” Housing, Meal Plan and ID Card Services. Syracuse Unviersity, 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

“MailServices Website.” MailServices Website. Syracuse Unviersity, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

“Office of Residence Life.” Office of Residence Life. Syracuse Unviersity, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

“Parking Website.” Parking Website. Syracuse Unviersity, 2013. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

Lambreth

Lambreth is a series of apartment buildings on South Campus that are located on Lambreth Lane. There are 18 apartment buildings in Lambreth. Each building has eight apartments with a total of 44 apartments in the neighborhood. These buildings include three person flats.

Transportation

The 344 South Campus bus route is the only one that goes through Lambreth. The schedules for these routes can be found on Centro’s page. There are two bus stops that service Lambreth: Small and Lambreth, and Chinook and Lambreth.

Room Sizes

Lambreth has only one type of housing: three bedroom flats. All apartments come fully furnished and included a kitchen, living room, bathroom with a bathtub, and a storage closet. Electrical, cable, phone, and network outlets are also included. All three bedrooms are different sizes, but two of them are only different by a couple inches. The third bedroom is larger by over 3 square feet.

Living room, kitchen, bedroom and bathroom in three person apartments in Lambreth. Credit Housing, Meal Plan, and ID Card Services, Copyright Syracuse University.

Accessibility

While much of Lambreth is handicap accessible, there are some limiting factors. The mail shelters and bus stops are also handicap accessible. None of the even numbered apartments are accessible, because they all require stairs to reach the second floor. Other restrictions to accessibility in Lambreth including no handicap accessibility to the second floor apartments, extremely damaged pavement throughout that would be difficult to manage in a wheelchair, and no snow removal services by the University.

References

“Facility Information.” Housing, Meal Plan and ID Card Services. Syracuse Unviersity, 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

“Parking Website.” Parking Website. Syracuse Unviersity, 2013. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

Farm Acre

Farm Acre is a series of apartment buildings on South Campus that are located on Farm Acre Road. There are 7 apartment buildings in Farm Acre making it the smallest neighborhood in South Campus. Each building has six apartments with a total of 58 apartments in the neighborhood. These buildings include two person two floor apartments.

Transportation

There are no bus routes that go directly through Farm Acre. Students take the 344 South Campus route and the majority will either get off at the Small and Chinook East or the Small and Lambreth bus stop. The schedules for these routes can be found on Centro’s page.

Room Sizes

All apartments in Farm Acre come fully furnished. Electrical, cable, phone, and network outlets are also included. Each floor of the two bedroom apartments are 9ft by 12ft. The first floors of these apartments contain a living room, kitchen, and storage closet. The second floor contains both bedrooms and a bathroom with a bathtub. In each of these apartments one of the bedrooms are 10ft by 12ft and the other is 8ft by 12ft.

Accessibility

The majority of Farm Acre is not accessible. All of the apartments have ramps to get to the apartment, but not to get into the front door. These apartments are also all two stories and require stairs to access the second floor. The mail shelters and bus stops can be considered accessible; however the gravel many of them sit on may be difficult for wheelchair access.

References

“Facility Information.” Housing, Meal Plan and ID Card Services. Syracuse Unviersity, 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

“Parking Website.” Parking Website. Syracuse Unviersity, 2013. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

 

Chinook

Apartments on Chinook Drive. Credit Office of Resident Life, Copyright Syracuse University.

Chinook is a series of apartment buildings on South Campus that are located on Chinook Drive. There are 18 apartment buildings in Chinook with approximately 136 apartments in the neighborhood. These buildings consist of two person apartments that are two stories.

Transportation
There are two bus routes that go through Chinook. These routes are 144 Winding Ridge and 344 South Campus. The schedules for these routes can be found on Centro’s . There are three bus stops that service Chinook: Winding Ridge and Chinook, Chinook and Lambreth, Chinook and Farm Acre.
Room Sizes
All Chinook apartments come fully furnished. Electrical, cable, phone, and network outlets are also included. Each floor of the two bedroom apartments are 9ft by 12ft. The first floors of these apartments contain a living room, kitchen, and storage closet. The second floor contains both bedrooms and a bathroom with a bathtub. In each of these apartments one of the bedrooms are 10ft by 12ft and the other is 8ft by 12ft.
Accessibility
The parts of Chinook are accessible and others are not. All of the apartments have ramps to get to the apartment, but not to get into the front door. The two bedroom apartments are also all two stories and require stairs to access the second floor. The mail shelters and bus stops are also accessible.

References

“Facility Information.” Housing, Meal Plan and ID Card Services. Syracuse Unviersity, 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

“Parking Website.” Parking Website. Syracuse Unviersity, 2013. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

Holden Observatory: A Short History

November 18, 1887, Syracuse University: Visions of the cosmos flashed through the minds of the students, faculty, and community members of Syracuse as they sat in silence in Hendricks Chapel, listening to plans for the new Observatory. It was a time during which astronomy was still a completely unexplored horizon, a territory unknown. The possibilities seemed infinite to a University that had never pondered such oddities.

The Observatory has been a warrior on this campus. A 126-year-old building, it has stood strong against the daunting hand of time. Both its physical splendor and rich history make it something with which one should want to acquaint oneself. Understanding the individual history of Holden Observatory gives one a larger idea of the type of movement this school has gone through. It is a hidden gem, and even though it is tucked away behind a clustering of buildings nowadays, it stands as prominently on its own plot of land as brightly as when it was first opened.

 

E.F. Holden

Erastus Holden was born into a family of the lower class in Charlotte, NY in 1826. He was described as a hardworking man, and entered into the coal business as a young adult when he moved to Syracuse. He eventually became the Treasurer of Franklin Iron Manufacturing company . A correspondence ensued. The two men worked together in creating something that would foster education and leave a lasting impression on the campus; they named it Holden Observatory .

 

Opening Ceremony

The school was buzzing with excitement on the day of the Dedication Ceremony of Holden Observatory. So much anticipation rose on campus that one freshman claimed “there was no school”. On Friday, November 18, 1887, students, staff, and townspeople gathered in Hendricks Chapel to welcome the new building to the University. Beginning with Responsive Readings and prayer, the service included three speakers: Dr. Simon Newcomb, E.F. Holden, and Chancellor Sims.

Dr. Newcomb, an important lecturer of astronomy of the time, made a speech titled “The Place of Astronomy in the Sciences”. His claim revolved around the fact that even though astronomy was a very small, relatively new branch of science, it still held relevance because of its connections to the history of physics and related sciences. His array of references to past scientists and theories reminded the readers that he was, indeed, a professor. He opened his audience’s eyes to how much is left to be discovered in the cosmos, creating a speech that still rings true in the present day. It seems like one of his goals in speaking such a way about physics was to not only excite his listeners on the subject, but to help them understand why an observatory on campus will foster the minds of the students and surrounding community. The speech closes with less of a factual tone and more of an earnest one:

The knowledge of the littleness of our place in the universe has done more for mankind, has been better for us, than any gratification of our material wants. A few centuries ago the appearance of a comet struck everyone with terror; in the simple thought that we now look upon a celestial visitor with no feeling but admiration for its beauty we have something which more than compensates for all the money and labor we have expended upon observatories and instruments.” . In 1980, the Observatory became a national landmark, which offered it protection and recognition .

Holden Observatory in the mid twentieth century. Credit: Naomi Falk, thanks to Syracuse University Archives

It wasn’t until 1991 that the building was actually . The process was a slow one, taking a couple of days to move the building just 190 feet, moving at four inches per hour. Costing the University $200,000, the building now sits nestled between Eggers, Crouse, and the Law Building on a small clearing

  • Clark, Mrs. Howard. “No Title”. Handwritten note, Syracuse University, Syracuse , NY.
  • Sims, Charles. “Dedication.” Dedication Ceremony. Syracuse University. Syracuse, New York. 18 Nov 1887. Speech.
  • Holden, E.F. “Letter to Chancellor Sims.”. Syracuse: 29 Oct 1886. 1. Print
  • Flusche, Michael. “Remarks at Holden Rededication.” Syracuse Physics Dept. Syracuse Physics Dept, 3 Sep 1998. Web. 2 Apr 2013 <http://www.phy.syr.edu/info/holden/holden.html>.
  • Clark, Mrs. Howard. “No Title”. Handwritten note, Syracuse University, Syracuse , NY.
  • Sims, Charles. “The University Observatory.” Newspaper Unknown (written to “The Journal”)(Syracuse) n.d., n. pag. Print.
  • “The Observatory.” Onondagan. (1887): n. page. Print.
  • Newcomb, Simon. “The Place of Astronomy in the Sciences.” Dedication Ceremony. Syracuse University. Syracuse, New York. 18 November 1887. Speech.
  • Holden, E.F.. “Presentation of the Observatory.” Dedication Ceremony. Syracuse University. Syracuse, New York. 18 November 1887. Speech.
  • Dedicatory Exercises of the Holden Observatory.” Syracuse Supplement” (Syracuse) 8 December 1887 1887, n. pag. Print
  • Sims, Charles. “Dedication.” Dedication Ceremony. Syracuse University. Syracuse, New York. 18 Nov 1887. Speech.
  • “Beholden to Holden.” Focus. 1.1 (1948): 10. Print.
  • “Beholden to Holden.” Focus. 1.1 (1948): 10. Print.
  • Photo of Holden Telescope. Kelly, Jane. 1967. Holden Observatory, Syracuse.
  • Flusche, Michael. “Remarks at Holden Rededication.” Syracuse Physics Dept. Syracuse Physics Dept, 3 Sep 1998. Web. 2 Apr 2013 <http://www.phy.syr.edu/info/holden/holden.html>.
  • Milks, Bob. “Astronomy: A Definite Up.” Daily Orange(Syracuse) 13 October 1967, n. pag. Print.
  • Hicken, Melanie. “Recently opened Academic Integrity Office fails to live up to campus community’s great expectations.” Daily Orange (Syracuse) 06 March 2007, n. pag. Print. <http://dailyorange.com/2007/03/recently-opened-academic-integrity-office-fails-to-live-up-to-campus-community-s-great-expectations/>.
  • “The Observatory.” Onondagan. (1887): n. page. Print.
  • Photograph of Holden Observatory. (1970). Syracuse University, Syracuse. Print.
  • “Campus Life: Syracuse; 1887 Observatory, All 375 Tons of It, Moves to New Site.” New York Times (New York City) 20 June 1991. n. pag. Print. <http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/30/nyregion/campus-life-syracuse-1887-observatory-all-375-tons-of-it-moves-to-new-site.html>.

Prohibition in Syracuse

Overview

Prohibition was enacted in the United States when the Congress has passed the 18th Amendment on December 1917 Members of the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association of Syracuse University in 1911. Many Organizations Arose In Favor of Prohibition Before the Eighteenth Amendment was Enacted. . The associations focus was to promote an interest in broad political and economic reforms; the most vital one of the focus was an elimination of “the evils of liquor” Chancellor Charles Wesley Flint was a strong advocate of prohibition during his tenure as the university's chancellor from 1922-1936. Copyright: Syracuse University Archives Credit: Kazu Hayakawa. He was known for several issues including defending prohibition 38. When asked in a newspaper publication about the topic of prohibition and Syracuse University, he stated,

Two things must be kept entirely separate: (1) The attitude of the University toward indulgence in intoxicating liquors. That has been invariably the same since the origin of the University, and is practically the same or approximately the same in all leading educational institutions; drinking is not accepted by any as an academic accomplishment nor tolerated as a necessary feature of student life. This has no relation to politics or to methods of regulation of the traffic. Syracuse University’s attitude is the same now as it was in saloon days and as it will be under any system of regulation. (2) Of entirely different complexion is the University’s attitude towards the question of the best governmental method of handling the liquor traffic 40.

This publication from the Syracuse Journal suggests that the chancellor was stating the fact that drinking will not be considered as an accomplishment or goal of an individual. He furthermore states that alcohol has no relations to the student life whether if it’s academics or in organizations. Many students view drinking as in integral part of their lives. The second point he makes states the fact that the university had no relations on whether or how the liquor was trafficked into Syracuse University or the city itself as one of the major problems were bootleggers and illegal manufacturing of liquor at that time. While the second point isn’t much relevant, the firsts statement regarding prohibition is important since it relates to how the university views the consumption of alcohol. In addition to the statement given by the chancellor, the University had a policy in regards to alcohol which states,

“Indulgences in intoxicating liquors, purchasing the same or frequenting places where sold, also gambling, being abuses of student privileges and violations of the traditions and principles of the University, are forbidden by its regulations. A student by the act of registration agrees in honor to observe these regulations, and the University therefore must act toward any such indulgences with the utmost severity” 40.

This rule concludes that many students were advised to keep their drinking out of sight of authorities as it was deemed by the university to be in violation with the student’s honor code. Still drinking flourished outside of the campus as well as private properties as many individuals partook in the event without any reported repercussions from the authorities that were overseeing the alcohol consumption on campus as well as in the city.

Post Prohibition

Prohibition proved to be unfavorable to many individuals and lawmakers and in 1933, the 21st Amendment was ratified to repeal prohibition 42. After prohibition was repealed, many breweries in Syracuse re-opened, such as Zett’s, Bartels, Greenway, Moore and Quinn, and Haberle 17. Although some breweries had re-opened, many restrictive laws remained on the books that inhibited establishments of small breweries 17.

 

  1. , ed. “Prohibition.” Digital History. Digital History, n.d. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3383>.
  2. , ed. “Prohibition.” Digital History. Digital History, n.d. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3383>.
  3. Hanson , David. “The Volstead Act.” Alcohol Problem and Solutions. Sociology Department State University of New York Potsdam, n.d. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/Controversies/Volstead-Act.html>.
  4. Berg , Ellen. “Teen Drinking.” Teen Drinking. 2008. <http://www.faqs.org/childhood/So-Th/Teen-Drinking.html>.
  5. Roberts, Clarence. Illinois Intercollegiate Prohibition Association. 140. Web. <http://dig.lib.niu.edu/ISHS/ishs-1977may/ishs-1977may-140.pdf>.
  6. Roberts, Clarence. Illinois Intercollegiate Prohibition Association. 140. Web. <http://dig.lib.niu.edu/ISHS/ishs-1977may/ishs-1977may-140.pdf>.
  7. “Prohibition Club.” The Onondagan. Syracuse: 1911.
  8. “Prohibition Club.” The Onondagan. Syracuse: 1911.
  9. “Prohibition Club.” The Onondagan. Syracuse: 1911.
  10. Roberts, Clarence. Illinois Intercollegiate Prohibition Association. 140. Web. <http://dig.lib.niu.edu/ISHS/ishs-1977may/ishs-1977may-140.pdf>.
  11. Roberts, Clarence. Illinois Intercollegiate Prohibition Association. 140. Web. <http://dig.lib.niu.edu/ISHS/ishs-1977may/ishs-1977may-140.pdf>.
  12. Whalen , William. Separated Brethren: A Review of Protestant, Anglican, Eastern Orthodox and Other Religions in the United States. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, 2001. 82. eBook.
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  15. Whalen , William. Separated Brethren: A Review of Protestant, Anglican, Eastern Orthodox and Other Religions in the United States. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, 2001. 82. eBook.
  16. Salt City Critique
  17. Ensminger, Peter. “Brewing in Syracuse … from 1804 to the Middle Ages.” Beer in Syracuse. Great Lakes Brewing News, n.d. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://hbd.org/ensmingr/syracuse.html>.
  18. Ensminger, Peter. “Brewing in Syracuse … from 1804 to the Middle Ages.” Beer in Syracuse. Great Lakes Brewing News, n.d. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://hbd.org/ensmingr/syracuse.html>
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  20. , ed. “Teaching With Documents: The Volstead Act and Related Prohibition Documents .” National Archives. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/volstead-act/>.
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  22. Ensminger, Peter. “Brewing in Syracuse … from 1804 to the Middle Ages.” Beer in Syracuse. Great Lakes Brewing News, n.d. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://hbd.org/ensmingr/syracuse.html>.
  23. , ed. “Teaching With Documents: The Volstead Act and Related Prohibition Documents .” National Archives. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/volstead-act/>.
  24. , ed. “History and Tradition.” Century Club of Syracuse. The Century Club of Syracuse, n.d. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://centuryclubofsyracuse.com/about/>.
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  29. , ed. “Student Testimony Against Prohibition.” Temperance and Prohibtion. The Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences, n.d. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://prohibition.osu.edu/american-prohibition-1920/student-testimony-against-prohibition>.
  30. , ed. “Student Testimony Against Prohibition.” Temperance and Prohibtion. The Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences, n.d. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://prohibition.osu.edu/american-prohibition-1920/student-testimony-against-prohibition>.
  31. Sneed, Tierney. “5 Reasons to Thank Prohibition on ‘Repeal Day.” US News. US News, 5 Dec 2012. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/12/05/5-reasons-to-thank-prohibition-on-repeal-day>.
  32. Sneed, Tierney. “5 Reasons to Thank Prohibition on ‘Repeal Day.” US News. US News, 5 Dec 2012. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/12/05/5-reasons-to-thank-prohibition-on-repeal-day>.
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  34. Orange Peel Jan. 1920
  35. Adamcyzk, Brandon. “The Depression/WWII: 1922-1945.” College of Visual and Performing Arts. Syracuse University, n.d. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://vpa.syr.edu/music/departments/university-bands/history/the-depression>.
  36. Bottle Cry 1932
  37. Davidson, Kirk. Selling Sin: The Marketing of Socially Unacceptable Products. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003. 36. eBook. <http://books.google.com/books?id=-qQhMYLT7tgC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=alcohol consumption during prohibition syracuse&source=bl&ots=BDBLb2d3Uj&sig=QVVDgk4Uld1cJNvUWWJJQRIQgmE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=phdTUYTsMtHK4APF-oCICA&ved=0CD8Q6AEwATgo
  38. Galvin , Edward. “The Chancellors: A History of Leadership at Syracuse University.” Syracuse University Archives. Syracuse University Archives, n.d. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://archives.syr.edu/exhibits/leadership.html>.
  39. Galvin , Edward. “The Chancellors: A History of Leadership at Syracuse University.” Syracuse University Archives. Syracuse University Archives, n.d. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://archives.syr.edu/exhibits/leadership.html>.
  40. “Chancellor’s Message.” Syracuse Journal Syracuse 30 Nov 1930, n. pag. Print.
  41. “Chancellor’s Message.” Syracuse Journal Syracuse 30 Nov 1930, n. pag. Print.
  42. Petrillo, Jay. “Rum Running In The North Country During Prohibition (1920-1933).” . Plattsburgh. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/jay.petrillo/Background Info page.htm>.
  43. Ensminger, Peter. “Brewing in Syracuse … from 1804 to the Middle Ages.” Beer in Syracuse. Great Lakes Brewing News, n.d. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://hbd.org/ensmingr/syracuse.html>.
  44. Ensminger, Peter. “Brewing in Syracuse … from 1804 to the Middle Ages.” Beer in Syracuse. Great Lakes Brewing News, n.d. Web. 2 Apr 2013. <http://hbd.org/ensmingr/syracuse.html>.

Anti-Semitism at Syracuse University: Between the World Wars

 

Since its founding, Syracuse University has prided itself on tolerance. Today, the policy is taken for granted, but it was not always so easy to combat discrimination. Beginning in the early 1880s, anti-Semitic in Eastern Europe forcibly dispersed Jews into central Europe and overseas to the United States, and New York in particular. As immigrants reached American shores, many in the established Jewish elite harbored considerable concerns over the potential for a new wave of discrimination. Over the next three decades, anti-Semitism would indeed surface at all levels of American society.

Jewish adversaries bore few anxieties about the rise of African or Irish Americans to power in media, law, finance and government. These “ethnic” groups had never occupied positions of power, the vast majority living in desperate poverty. But Jews were different. They had been exiled from Eastern Europe not because of famine or slavery or crime, but specifically because they were perceived as threatening to national political systems.

To mitigate the perceived risks of Jewish dominance, doorways to affluence were targeted. The most brazen arena was the university, where Jewish enrollment quotas were imposed at many national universities, including Harvard. Rule of law, immigration policies, athletics and discrimination in social organizations (both at universities and externally) entertained anti-Semitic overtones as well.

Born in 1856 to German-Jewish immigrants, native Syracusan Louis Marshall grew up to be an infamous civil rights attorney and political activist. While defending Leo Frank, a Jewish accountant convicted of murder in Georgia, he was appointed to the Board of Trustees at Syracuse University, a position he would hold until his death in 1929. During his tenure, SU successfully avoided official enrollment quotas, though the campus was certainly not immune to the widespread anti-Semitic attitudes of the time.

Marshall was in a difficult position, hedging the interests of a variety of Jewish and non-Jewish constituencies. Jewish interests and ethics varied across the country, an obstacle Marshall often ran into. The increase in anti-Semitism that occurred after his death would cement him as a worldwide hero against discrimination. In Syracuse, his legacy lives on through his namesake,

Marshall Square Mall, located on Marshall St. was named after Louis Marshall. Courtesy of Syracuse University Archives

Marshall Square Mall, located on Marshall St. was named after Louis Marshall. Courtesy: Syracuse University Archives

 

1. Early History

By the time he was 40, Louis Marshall was among the most distinguished lawyers in the United States. His rhetorical abilities and public presence placed him in a distinctive position alongside other Jewish elites of the time. As Jewish immigration began to escalate near the turn of the century, Marshall, alongside Jacob Schiff and Cyrus Adler, introduced the Galveston Plan, an attempt to direct Jewish migrant ships to Texas in order to avoid a massive assimilation on the eastern seaboard Born in Syracuse, Louis Marshall would become the most distinguished civil rights lawyer of the early 20th century

The next twenty years of his life would be spent as the most illustrious opponent of bigotry, fastidiously attached to the growing marginalization of the world Jewry, in particular. It was a difficult position to fill. Human societies were diversifying across the globe, challenging traditionally homogenous power structures. More importantly, the scale and rapidity of immigrant integration was unprecedented, especially in the United States. Jewish immigration grew to extraordinary proportions between 1880 and the mid-1920s. Estimates suggest that roughly two million Jewish immigrants arrived during this thirty-year stretch. [11]

It is difficult to describe the societal tendencies of Jews during the early 20th century without a hint of prejudice. Krefetz (1982) explains that the skills brought from Eastern Europe, namely, “trading and exchanging, commerce, city living, property rights, … and accumulation of funds for future investment” suggest a cultural propensity for achieving financial security. By the 1980’s, Jewish families had the highest average family income of any ethnic group in the United States, a remarkable feat considering their relatively recent arrival. Louis Marshall wrote a lengthy editorial on the state of anti-Semitism in 1925. As Marshall’s death approached, he was also beginning to lose the battle at Syracuse.

Death

Barely a month before the Great Depression hit, Marshall passed away at a conference in Zurich, Switzerland.

“I am deeply grieved to learn that my friend Louis Marshall has passed,” wired President Herbert Hoover to the Jewish Telegraph Agency (NY) upon hearing of the Jewish icon’s death. “His eminent services in law, government, conciliation and philanthropy will remain of enduring value to this country.” 19. A year later, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, then the Governor of New York, designated an appropriation of over half a million dollars for to house the College of Forestry named after Marshall (Marshall Hall at SUNY-ESF still stands today) 20. At his death, Louis Marshall was among the most distinguished lawyers and political activists in the entire world.

The Syracuse Post-Standard noted that, “particularly there his effective service was given to the assurance of fair treatment of the Jewish minorities scattered thru the trouble nations of the European continent.” In his later years, Marshall had worked to secure funding for Jews in the wake of WWI. His most notable accomplishment came at the Treaty of Versailles while he was serving as the President of the American Jewish Committee. Here, he helped organize the new constitutions of Eastern Europe, which granted Jews full equality. Unfortunately, the pillars of equality that he had worked so hard to achieve would be unwound after his untimely death. 21.

 

3. 1930s

The decade that followed Marshall’s passing would see a marked rise in anti-Semitism at Syracuse University, a phenomenon he had successfully combated during his fifteen-year tenure. Jewish enrollment deteriorated and social organizations grew increasingly prejudiced.

Jewish Segregation

Beginning in the 1928-1929 academic year, Jewish students were segregated into Jewish-only dormitories. Over the next ten years, an intra-university debate raged over the policy, which was rescinded then re-enacted in 1934 and again in 1935 22.

Meanwhile, Jewish enrollment plummeted. By 1939, the freshman class had been cut to 7% from its 15% peak in 1923 23. In 1935, a year of segregated dormitories, Marty Glickman enrolled as a first-year student at Syracuse. While only eighteen years of age, he qualified for the United States Olympic team in 1936 as a sprinter for the 4x100m relay team alongside Jesse Owens and a multitude of other prolific American athletes. To his dismay, the games were to be held in Nazi Germany.

Marty Glickman Incident

Burdened by the debts of WWI and the Great Depression, Germany was among the most nationalistic – and racially obsessed – of the entire Western world. More than blacks or any other ethnic minority, German anger was directed towards Jews, as the shadow of the Holocaust reminds us. Jesse Owens and fellow African-American Ralph Metcalfe would end up running the relay in the place of Marty Glickman and Sam Stoller, Jewish sprinters from Syracuse University and the University of Michigan respectively. The pair served as the American track and field team’s only Jewish members, and had been expected to anchor the team. 24

The hostilities began just 24 hours before the 4×100 relay final. Foy Draper and Frank Wykoff, sprinters from USC, were selected to run the relay alongside gold medalists Owens and Metcalfe. After setting world records in the 100m, 200m and the long jump, most expected that Owens would hang up his spikes and watch while his teammates competed in the 4 x 100 meter relay, an event they were certain to win regardless of his participation. Either way, there was little question that Glickman and Stoller should have rounded out the team. “Draper and Wykoff…had been beaten by both Stoller and Glickman in time trials last week,” The New York Times reported in the days following the race. The motives behind Glickman and Stoller’s unseemly dismissal remain a mystery, though anti-Semitism was the obvious culprit. 25

Surprisingly, Hitler did not explicitly request the removal of Glickman and Stoller from the American 4x100m team. The Chairman of the U.S. Olympic Committee, , was a friend and sympathizer of Hitler. Brundage was the member of several committees and athletic clubs that prohibited Jewish members, a common occurrence in the era. He is more famous for his order to continue with the 1972 Munich Games after twelve Israeli athletes were executed by Islamic extremists. It should come as no surprise then, that Brundage is thought to have been responsible for Glickman and Stoller’s removal. Today, there are few historians who doubt Brundage’s motives. 26

While Glickman would blame blatant racism for the incident in the years following, his immediate reaction was less explicit. During an interview with The New York Times, Glickman charged that “politics” caused his dismissal, a result of Olympic Coach Dean Cromwell “looking out for the Southern Californians.” It was indicative of an era where anti-Semitism was largely muted and operated under the radar. 27

Glickman and Ed O’Brien, Syracuse University’s other 1936 Olympian, were asked to contribute editorials to the Daily Orange about their experiences in Berlin. Each were allocated a half-page column of about 250 words. Both students expressed anger towards the US Olympic Committee for its spontaneous removal of Glickman, with O’Brien briefly describing it as a “raw deal”. Glickman also expressed frustration and allotted an equally small segment of his column to the incident. While the event seems momentous and infuriating today, it was less significant in the moment. Neither O’Brien nor Glickman mention the anti-Semitic attitudes thought to have driven the decision. 28

Final Erosion

It became apparent that neither the administration nor the student body had interest in advocating for Jewish interests. With Marshall deceased, no Jewish figures held enough power to prevent the flirtations with anti-Semitism throughout the 1930s. A series of letters written by SU Chancellor William Graham, who served during the late 1930s and early 1940s, suggest approval of anti-Semitic media coverage. The most damning letter (January 24, 1939) expressed support for Father Charles Coughlin, who hosted an anti-Semitic radio show that would endorse Hitler and Mussolini beginning in 1936. 29

 

 

 

  1. Brawley, Edward A. “The Galveston Project.” Berman Jewish Policy Archive. New York, 2009. p. 3-25
  2. Day, James R. “Letter”. American Hebrew. Syraucse University Archives. Syracuse, NY. Apr 4. 1890
  3. Oney, Steve. And the Dead Shall Rise: The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo FrankPantheon Books. New York, 2003.
  4. Watson, Thomas E. “The Jeffersonian, Volume 12, Issue 27” Thomas E. Watson Papers #755. The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 8 July 1915.
  5. Woodward, Comer Vann. Tom Watson: Agrarian RebelOxford University Press. Oxford, 1938.
  6. “Marshall Says Tom Watson is Frank’s Slayer” The New York Times. New York, 17 Aug. 1915
  7. Reznikoff, Charles ed. Louis Marshall: Champion of LibertyJewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1957. p. 1157
  8. “Louis Marshall, ‘Little Giant of Jewry’ Dies in Zurich” Syracuse Herald-Journal. Syracuse University Archives, Syracuse, NY, 11 Sept 1929.
  9. Krefetz, Gerald. Jews and Money: The Myths and the Reality
  10. Gladwell, Malcolm. “Getting In.” The New Yorker. New York, 10 Oct. 2005.
  11. Strum, Harvey. “Louis Marshall and Anti-Semitism at Syracuse University.” Syracuse University Archives, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY, 1983.
  12. Strum, Harvey. p. 2-8
  13. Ryback, T.W. Hitler’s Private Library: the Books that shaped his life. Knopf: New York, 2008. p. 69
  14. Woeste, Victoria. Suing Henry Ford: America’s First Hate Speech Case. American Bar Foundation: Chicago. 19 Oct. 2012, p. 2
  15.  Syracuse Herald-Journal. 11 Sept 1929.
  16. “The International Jew: The World’s Foremost Problem Chapter 12.” The Dearborn Independent, May 22 1920-January 14 1922. Dearborn Publish Co. Dearborn, MI. May 22 1920.
  17. Marshall, Louis. “Judaism – The Strength and Refuge of the Jew.” The Union Bulletin. Syracuse University Archives, Syracuse, NY. 1925.
  18.  “Anti-Semitic Scare at Syracuse University” The Union Bulletin. Syracuse University Archives, Syracuse, NY, 1925.
  19. “Hoover Lauds Marshall as Man of Value.” The New York Times. Syracuse University Archives. Syracuse, NY, 12 Sept. 1929.
  20. “Roosevelt Asks $600,00 Forestry Building At Syracuse University as Memorial to Marshall.” The New York Times. New York Times Archives. 12 Jan. 1930.
  21. “Louis Marshall, Great Leader of Jews, Native of Syracuse, Was Lawyer Here Until 1894.” The Syracuse Post-Standard. Syracuse University Archives, Syracuse, NY, 12 Sept. 1929.
  22. Strum, p. 8-9
  23. Strum. p. 9-10
  24. Glickman, Marty. Fastest Kid on the Block: The Marty Glickman Story. Syracuse University Press. Syracuse, NY. 1996. p. 17-18.
  25. Associated Press. “Stoller Declares He Wil Quit Track.” The New York Times. New York Times Archives. 9 Aug. 1936.
  26. Guttman, Allen. “The Games Must Go On: Avery Brundage and the Olympic Movement.” Columbia University Press. New York. 1984. p. 250-252
  27. Associated Press. “Stoller Declares He Will Quit Track.” The New York Times. New York Times Archives. New York, Aug 9. 1936
  28. Glickman, Marty and O’Brien, Ed. “Syracuse’s Olympians Relate First-Hand Relate First Hand Stories.” The Daily Orange. Syracuse University Archives. Syracuse, NY, Sept 1936.
  29. “William Graham to Frank Harrington” W. Freeman Galpin Papers, Syracuse University Archives.  Jan 24. 1939.